{"id":683,"date":"2020-07-24T08:31:54","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T08:31:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/?p=683"},"modified":"2020-07-24T08:31:54","modified_gmt":"2020-07-24T08:31:54","slug":"georgios-papanikolaou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/georgios-papanikolaou\/","title":{"rendered":"Georgios Papanikolaou"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou<\/b>\u00a0(or\u00a0<b>George Papanicolaou<\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"rt-commentedText nowrap\"><span class=\"IPA nopopups noexcerpt\">\/<span title=\"\/\u02cc\/: secondary stress follows\">\u02cc<\/span><span title=\"'p' in 'pie'\">p<\/span><span title=\"\/\u00e6\/: 'a' in 'bad'\">\u00e6<\/span><span title=\"'p' in 'pie'\">p<\/span><span title=\"\/\u0259\/: 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259<\/span><span title=\"\/\u02c8\/: primary stress follows\">\u02c8<\/span><span title=\"'n' in 'nigh'\">n<\/span><span title=\"\/\u026a\/: 'i' in 'kit'\">\u026a<\/span><span title=\"'k' in 'kind'\">k<\/span><span title=\"\/\u0259\/: 'a' in 'about'\">\u0259<\/span><span title=\"'l' in 'lie'\">l<\/span><span title=\"\/a\u028a\/: 'ou' in 'mouth'\">a\u028a<\/span>\/<\/span><\/span>;\u00a0Greek:\u00a0<span lang=\"el\">\u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5<\/span>\u00a0<small><\/small><span class=\"IPA\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">[papaniko\u02c8lau]<\/span>; 13 May 1883 \u2013 19 February 1962) was a Greek physician who was a pioneer in\u00a0cytopathology\u00a0and early cancer detection, and inventor of the &#8220;Pap smear&#8221;.<\/p><div class=\"gjfmd656217514cb2f\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\n     data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8209967072221559\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"2673331731\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.gjfmd656217514cb2f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.gjfmd656217514cb2f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.gjfmd656217514cb2f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.gjfmd656217514cb2f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.gjfmd656217514cb2f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p>After studying medicine in Greece and Germany, he emigrated in 1913 to the United States. He first reported that uterine cancer cells could be detected in vaginal smears in 1928, but his work was not widely recognized until the 1940s. An extensive trial of his techniques was carried out in the early 1950s. In 1961, he was invited to the\u00a0University of Miami\u00a0to lead and develop the Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute there.<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contents\"><\/span>Contents<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_58 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6562175150d7f\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6562175150d7f\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/georgios-papanikolaou\/#Contents\" title=\"Contents\">Contents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/georgios-papanikolaou\/#Lifeedit\" title=\"Life[edit]\">Life[edit]<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/georgios-papanikolaou\/#Discoveriesedit\" title=\"Discoveries[edit]\">Discoveries[edit]<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/georgios-papanikolaou\/#Commemorationsedit\" title=\"Commemorations[edit]\">Commemorations[edit]<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/georgios-papanikolaou\/#Referencesedit\" title=\"References[edit]\">References[edit]<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"><\/label><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Life<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Discoveries<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Commemorations<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">References<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">External links<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lifeedit\"><\/span><span id=\"Life\" class=\"mw-headline\">Life<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span>edit<span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:George_Papanikolaou_house_in_Kymi.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/George_Papanikolaou_house_in_Kymi.jpg\/220px-George_Papanikolaou_house_in_Kymi.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/George_Papanikolaou_house_in_Kymi.jpg\/330px-George_Papanikolaou_house_in_Kymi.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/George_Papanikolaou_house_in_Kymi.jpg\/440px-George_Papanikolaou_house_in_Kymi.jpg 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"2592\" data-file-height=\"1944\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">Papanikolaou&#8217;s house in Kymi<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Born in\u00a0Kymi, Greece, Papanikolaou attended\u00a0University of Athens, where he studied literature, philosophy, languages and music. Urged by his father, he pursued a medical degree, which he received in 1904. Afterwards, he was conscripted into military service. When his obligation ended in 1906, he returned to Kymi to practice medicine with his father. In 1907, he began studying under\u00a0Ernst Haeckel\u00a0at\u00a0University of Jena\u00a0for one semester before moving to\u00a0University of Freiburg, where he was supervised by\u00a0August Weismann. Again he left after one semester, this time to join\u00a0University of Munich, from which he graduated with a doctoral degree in zoology in 1910.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\">[1]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\">[2]<\/sup>\u00a0Afterwards, Papanikolaou returned to Athens and married\u00a0Andromachi Mavrogeni, who later became his laboratory assistant and research subject.<sup id=\"cite_ref-vilos_3-0\" class=\"reference\">[3]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-chatziantoniou_4-0\" class=\"reference\">[4]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-medhistory_5-0\" class=\"reference\">[5]<\/sup>\u00a0He then departed for Monaco, where he worked for the\u00a0Oceanographic Institute of Monaco, participating in the Oceanographic Exploration Team of Prince\u00a0Albert I of Monaco\u00a0(1911).<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\">[6]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In 1913, he emigrated to the U.S. in order to work in the department of\u00a0Pathology\u00a0of\u00a0New York Hospital\u00a0and the Department of\u00a0Anatomy\u00a0at the\u00a0Cornell Medical College\u00a0of\u00a0Cornell University.<\/p>\n<p>He first reported that uterine cancer could be diagnosed by means of a vaginal smear in 1928, but the importance of his work was not recognized until the publication, together with\u00a0Herbert Frederick Traut<span class=\"noprint\">\u00a0[de]<\/span>\u00a0(1894\u20131963), of\u00a0<i>Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer by the Vaginal Smear<\/i>\u00a0in 1943. The book discusses the preparation of vaginal and cervical smears, physiologic cytologic changes during the\u00a0menstrual cycle, the effects of various pathological conditions, and the changes seen in the presence of cancer of the\u00a0cervix\u00a0and of the\u00a0endometrium\u00a0of the\u00a0uterus. He thus became known for his invention of the Papanicolaou test, commonly known as the\u00a0Pap smear\u00a0or\u00a0Pap test, which is used worldwide for the detection and prevention of\u00a0cervical cancer\u00a0and other cytologic diseases of the female\u00a0reproductive system.<\/p>\n<p>Papanicolaou was the recipient of the\u00a0Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research\u00a0in 1950.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lasker_Award_7-0\" class=\"reference\">[7]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In 1961, he moved to\u00a0Miami, Florida, to develop the\u00a0Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\">[8]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\">[9]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\">[10]<\/sup>\u00a0at the\u00a0University of Miami, but died there on 19 February 1962<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\">[11]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\">[12]<\/sup>\u00a0prior to its opening. His wife\u00a0Andromachi &#8220;Mary&#8221; Papanikolaou\u00a0continued his work at the Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute after his death, and died in Miami in October 1982.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discoveriesedit\"><\/span><span id=\"Discoveries\" class=\"mw-headline\">Discoveries<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span>edit<span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pap_test_abnormal.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Pap_test_abnormal.JPG\/220px-Pap_test_abnormal.JPG\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Pap_test_abnormal.JPG\/330px-Pap_test_abnormal.JPG 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Pap_test_abnormal.JPG\/440px-Pap_test_abnormal.JPG 2x\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"166\" data-file-width=\"848\" data-file-height=\"640\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p>Pap test\u00a0abnormal.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The fact that malignant cells could be seen under the microscope was first pointed out in a book on diseases of the lung, by\u00a0Walter Hayle Walshe\u00a0(1812\u201392), professor and physician to\u00a0University College Hospital, London, in 1843. This fact was recounted by Papanikolaou.<\/p>\n<p>In 1928, Papanikolaou told an incredulous audience of physicians about the noninvasive technique of gathering cellular debris from the lining of the vaginal tract and smearing it on a glass slide for microscopic examination as a way to identify cervical cancer. That year, he had undertaken a study of vaginal fluid in women, in hopes of observing cellular changes over the course of a menstrual cycle. In female guinea pigs, Papanicolaou had already noticed cell transformation and wanted to corroborate the phenomenon in human females. It happened that one of Papanicolaou&#8217;s human subjects was suffering from uterine cancer.<\/p>\n<p>Upon examination of a slide made from a smear of the patient&#8217;s vaginal fluid, Papanicolaou discovered that abnormal cancer cells could be plainly observed under a microscope. &#8220;The first observation of cancer cells in the smear of the uterine cervix,&#8221; he later wrote, &#8220;gave me one of the greatest thrills I ever experienced during my scientific career.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The Romanian physician\u00a0Aurel Babe\u015f\u00a0made similar discoveries in the cytologic diagnosis of cervical cancer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0\" class=\"reference\">[13]<\/sup>\u00a0He discovered that if a\u00a0platinum\u00a0loop was used to collect cells from a woman&#8217;s cervix, and the cells were then dried on a slide and stained, it could be determined if cancer cells were present. This was the first screening test to diagnose cervical and uterine cancer. Babe\u015f presented his findings to the Romanian Society of Gynaecology in Bucharest on 23 January 1927. His method of cancer diagnosis was published in a French medical journal, Presse M\u00e9dicale, on 11 April 1928, but it is unlikely that Papanicolaou was aware of it. Moreover, the two techniques are different in their design. Therefore, although Babe\u015f&#8217;s publication preceded Papanicolaou&#8217;s, the design of the Pap test belongs to Papanicolaou since he had already tried it in 1925 in &#8220;Women&#8217;s Hospital&#8221;. Recent papers have proven that Babe\u015f&#8217;s method was different from Papanicolaou&#8217;s and that the paternity of the Pap test belongs solely to Papanicolaou.<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\">[14]<\/sup>\u00a0Despite this, it must be said that\u00a0O&#8217;Dowd\u00a0and\u00a0Philipp<sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1\" class=\"reference\">[13]<\/sup>\u00a0believe that Babe\u015f was the true pioneer in the cytologic diagnosis of cervical cancer,<sup id=\"cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-2\" class=\"reference\">[13]<\/sup>\u00a0and in a spirit of recognition and fairness, in\u00a0Romania, cervical testing is referred to as the\u00a0<i>M\u00e9thode Babe\u015f-Papanicolaou<\/i>\u00a0in honor of Babe\u015f.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\">[15]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>At a 1928 medical conference in\u00a0Battle Creek, Michigan, Papanicolaou introduced his low-cost, easily performed screening test for early detection of cancerous and precancerous cells. However, this potential medical breakthrough was initially met with skepticism and resistance from the medical community. Papanicolaou&#8217;s next communication on the subject did not appear until 1941 when, with gynecologist Herbert Traut, he published a paper on the diagnostic value of vaginal smears in\u00a0carcinoma of the uterus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\">[16]<\/sup>\u00a0This was followed two years later by an illustrated monograph based on a study of over 3,000 cases. In 1954, he published another memorable work, the\u00a0<i>Atlas of Exfoliative Cytology<\/i>, thus creating the foundation of the modern medical specialty of\u00a0cytopathology.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Commemorationsedit\"><\/span><span id=\"Commemorations\" class=\"mw-headline\">Commemorations<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span>edit<span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In 1978, Papanikolaou&#8217;s work was honored by the\u00a0U.S. Postal Service\u00a0with a 13-cent stamp for early cancer detection.<\/p>\n<p>Between 1995 and 2001, his portrait appeared on the\u00a0obverse\u00a0of the Greek 10,000-drachma\u00a0banknote, until its replacement by the\u00a0euro.<sup id=\"cite_ref-17\" class=\"reference\">[17]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>On 13 May 2019, the 136th anniversary of his birth, a\u00a0Google Doodle\u00a0featuring Papanikolaou was shown in North America, parts of South America, parts of Europe and Israel.<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p><div class=\"nuxaq656217514cb72\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\n     data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8209967072221559\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"2673331731\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.nuxaq656217514cb72 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.nuxaq656217514cb72 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.nuxaq656217514cb72 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.nuxaq656217514cb72 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.nuxaq656217514cb72 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Referencesedit\"><\/span><span id=\"References\" class=\"mw-headline\">References<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span>edit<span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\">&#8220;George Nicholas Papanicolaou 1883-1962&#8221;.\u00a0<i>www.healio.com<\/i>. 25 February 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">21 July<\/span>\u00a02019<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFElgertGill2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Elgert, Paul A.; Gill, Gary W. (1 April 2009).\u00a0&#8220;George N. Papanicolaou, MD, PhD: Cytopathology&#8221;.\u00a0<i>Laboratory Medicine<\/i>.\u00a0<b>40<\/b>\u00a0(4): 245\u2013246.\u00a0doi:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\">10.1309\/LMRRG5P22JMRRLCT<\/span>.\u00a0ISSN\u00a00007-5027.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-vilos-3\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFVilos1998\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Vilos, George A. (March 1998). &#8220;The history of the Papanicolaou smear and the odyssey of George and Andromache Papanicolaou&#8221;.\u00a0<i>Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/i>.\u00a0<b>91<\/b>\u00a0(3): 479\u2013483.\u00a0doi:10.1016\/s0029-7844(97)00695-9.\u00a0ISSN\u00a00029-7844.\u00a0PMID\u00a09491881.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-chatziantoniou-4\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNikolaos_Chatziantoniou2014\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Nikolaos Chatziantoniou\u00a0(November\u2013December 2014).\u00a0&#8220;Lady Andromache (Mary) Papanicolaou: The Soul of Gynecological Cytopathology&#8221;.\u00a0<i>Journal of the\u00a0American Society of Cytopathology<\/i>.\u00a0<b>3<\/b>\u00a0(6). pp.\u00a0319\u2013326.\u00a0doi:10.1016\/j.jasc.2014.08.004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">10 June<\/span>\u00a02020<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-medhistory-5\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFCrazedturkey2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Crazedturkey (8 August 2012).\u00a0&#8220;Medical History: Mrs. Papanicolaou&#8221;.\u00a0<i>Medical History<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">7 September<\/span>\u00a02019<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\">Marketos Spyros &#8220;Georgios Papanikolaou, History of Medicine of the 20th Century, Greek Pioneers&#8221;. Zeta Publishers, Athens 2000<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Lasker_Award-7\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\">&#8220;Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award \u2013 1950 Winners&#8221;.\u00a0<i>Lasker Foundation<\/i>. laskerfoundation.org. Archived from\u00a0the original\u00a0on 6 January 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">19 May<\/span>2009<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-8\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\">&#8220;The Pap Corps&#8217; History&#8221;.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\">&#8220;Director&#8217;s report&#8221;. Worldcat.org<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">13 May<\/span>\u00a02019<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\">&#8220;Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center&#8221;.\u00a0<i>umiamihealth.org<\/i>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news cs1\">&#8220;Famed Cancer Researcher Dies&#8221;.\u00a0<i>The Times Record<\/i>. 20 February 1962. p.\u00a09<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">22 January<\/span>\u00a02015<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 via\u00a0Newspapers.com.<\/cite>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news cs1\">&#8220;Famed &#8216;Dr. Pap&#8217; Taken by Death&#8221;.\u00a0<i>Traverse City Record-Eagle<\/i>. 20 February 1962. p.\u00a06<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">22 January<\/span>\u00a02015<\/span>\u00a0\u2013 via\u00a0Newspapers.com.<\/cite>\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ReferenceA-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">\u00a0<span class=\"cite-accessibility-label\">Jump up to:<\/span><sup><i><b>a<\/b><\/i><\/sup>\u00a0<sup><i><b>b<\/b><\/i><\/sup>\u00a0<sup><i><b>c<\/b><\/i><\/sup><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\">O&#8217;Dowd Michael J.,\u00a0Philipp Elliot E..\u00a0<i>The History of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology<\/i>. London: Parthenon Publishing Group; 1994: 547<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-14\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\">Diamantis A, Magiorkinis E, Androutsos G. Different strokes: Pap-test and Babes method are not one and the same. Diagn Cytopathol. 2010 Nov; 38(11):857\u201359<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><b><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNaylorTascaBartziotaSchneider2001\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Naylor, Bernard; Tasca, Luminita; Bartziota, Evangelina; Schneider, Volker (2001).\u00a0&#8220;Cytopathology History: In Romania It&#8217;s the M\u00e9thode Babe\u015f-Papanicolaou&#8221;.\u00a0<i>Acta Cytologica<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">13 May<\/span>\u00a02019<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><b><\/b><span class=\"reference-text\">Papanicolaou GN, Traut HF. &#8220;The diagnostic value of vaginal smears in carcinoma of the uterus&#8221;.\u00a0<i>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology<\/i>. 1941; 42:193.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-17\">\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\">Bank of Greece\u00a0Archived\u00a028 March 2009 at the\u00a0Wayback Machine. Drachma Banknotes &amp; Coins:\u00a010,000 drachmas\u00a0Archived\u00a05 October 2007 at the\u00a0Wayback Machine\u00a0\u2013 Retrieved on 27 March 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><b><\/b><span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\">&#8220;Georgios Papanikolaou&#8217;s 136th Birthday&#8221;.\u00a0<i>Google<\/i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved\u00a0<span class=\"nowrap\">13 May<\/span>\u00a02019<\/span>.<\/cite><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Source:<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgios_Papanikolaou\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u00a0wikipedia.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou\u00a0(or\u00a0George Papanicolaou\u00a0\/\u02ccp\u00e6p\u0259\u02c8n\u026ak\u0259la\u028a\/;\u00a0Greek:\u00a0\u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03bf\u03c5\u00a0[papaniko\u02c8lau]; 13 May 1883 \u2013 19 February 1962) was a Greek physician who was a&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":684,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[9],"tags":[2863,2841,2834,2873,2868,2862,2857,2835,2870,2866,2852,2850,2854,2853,2879,2840,2847,2875,2832,2864,2869,2833,2867,2839,2837,2856,2836,2848,2861,2838,2855,2860,2851,2871,2880,2858,2878,2843,2844,2845,2874,2876,2846,2865,2859,2849,2842,2877,2872],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/683"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=683"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/683\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":685,"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/683\/revisions\/685"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.stremon.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}